Persons

Ahmose, Son of Ebana (Navy captain) – c1535 BCE

Fought under Ahmose I in campaigns trying to expell the Hyksos from Egypt

Fought under Amenhotep I and Thutmose I in Nubia and Syria

Won many “Gold of Valour” awards and tracts of land for bravery

Recorded his exploits on his tomb walls

Amenemhet I (King) – c1991-1962 BCE

Reunited Upper and Lower Egypt

Built the defensive Walls of the Prince on the eastern side of the Delta

Sent two military expeditions into Nubia, extending Egyptian control to the Second Cataract

Established a new capital at Itj-tawy

Built several temples

Established the worship of Amun throughout Egypt

Amenemhet III (King) – c1842-1797 BCE

Regulated the flow of the floodwaters into the Faiyum and reclaimed much agricultural land

Promoted the use of nilometers to determine the height of flooding in a year

Built two pyramids – at Dahshur and Hawarâ

Built the Labyrinth mortuary temple

Extended Egypt’s boundary south to the Third Cataract

Brought stability and security to Egypt

Protected Egypt’s interests in the Sinai Peninsula torquoise mines

Amenhotep III (King) – c1886-1849 BCE

Ended a revolt in Kush

Kept peace in the Egyptian Empire and with foreign rulers

Promoted international trade

Refurbished many temples and monuments

Built a temple to Amun at Thebes

Ordered the building of reclining sphinxes

Built a mortuary temple at Thebes on the west bank

Built a huge palace at Malkata

Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) (King) – c1350-1334 BCE

Changed the Egyptian religion from the worship of Amun-Re to that of the Aten

Proclaimed himself the mediator between humans and the Aten

Built a new capital north of Thebes, calling it Akhetaten

Kept the correspondence from his subjects at this new capital

Cleopatra VIII (Queen) – c51-30 BCE

Fled to Syria on discovering a plot against her

Supported by Julkius Caesar, defeated the plotters

First Ptolemy to learn the Egyptian language

Joined the Egyptians in worshiping their gods

After Caesar’s death, won the affection and support of Marc Anthony

Lost a sea battle at Actium to Octavius

Committed suicide

Djoser (King) – c2668-2649 BCE

Kept Upper and Lower Egypt unified and peaceful

Ordered the building of the Step Pyramid, which set a precedent for future pyramids

Harkhuf (Caravan leader, explorer, trader, local governor) – c2275 BCE

Led four trading expeditions into Nubia and farther south

Successfully aided Nubia in a battle with a neighbouring enemy

Brought back a pygmy from Punt

Hatshepsut (Female king) – c1498-1483 BCE

Claimed the heredity rights to rule Egypt

Had her tomb built in the Valley of the Kings

Restored maritime trade with Punt

Ordered the construction of a mortuary temple at Deir el Bahri

Ordered other temples to be built

Had four giant obelisks erected at Karnak

Horemheb (King) – c1321-1293 BCE

Reinstated the priesthood of Amun-Re

Led expeditions into Syria and Nubia

Restored trade relations with the South and the East

Issued the Horemheb Edict to address the abuses suffered by the poor

Reestablished Memphis as the political capital of Egypt

Inaugurated a building programme, including a hypostyle honouring Amun-Re

Imhotep (Architect, physician) – c2700–2649 BCE

Designed the Step Pyramid

Worshiped eventually as the god of medicine because of his skill as a physician

Khufu (King) – c2589–2566 BCE

Sent campaigns into Nubia

Maintained control of the mines in the Sinai Peninsula

Kept Egypt a unified nation

Built the Great Pyramid at Ziza

Nebhepetre Mentuhotep I (King) – c2060–2010 BCE

Reunified Upper and Lower Egypt

Sent military expeditions into Nubia, Sinai Peninsula, and Libya

Annexed northern Nubia

Opened trade routes between Nubia and Egypt

Promoted the arts

Built a huge temple-tomb for himself at Deir el Bahri

Nefertari (Queen) – fl. c1270 BCE

Gave support to her husband Ramesses II

Being his favourite wife, a temple in her honour built at Abu Simbel by the king

Her tomb complex in the Valley of the Queens the most splendid uncovered so far

Nefertiti (Queen) – c1345 BCE

Aided her husband Akhenaten in changing the Egyptian religion

Also aided him in overseeing the building of the new capital

Encouraged the new art form, the Amarna style

Pepi II (King) – c2278-2184 BCE

Longest ruling Egyptian monarch

Sent trading expeditions into Nubia and Punt

Expanded trade to the south and east

Kept the economy stable

Had Pyramid Texts carved into the walls of his tomb

Ptahhotep (Visier, writer of maxims) – c2400 BCE

Author of Instructions, a set of thirty-seven maxims, which was used as a text for hundreds of years

Ranmesses II (King) – c1279-1212 BCE

Reconquered Palestine and Syria

Signed a peace treaty with the Hittite king

Ordered a line of garrisons to be established along the western edge of the Delta

Improved trade relations with several neighbours

Oversaw a building programme, including the hypostyle hall at Karnak and his mortuary temple at Abydos

Ordered two temples cut into the rocks at Abu Simbel

Ordered the building of the Ramesseum mortuary temple near the Valley of the Kings

Ordered his tomb complex and one for his children built in the Valley of the Kings

Ramesses III (King) – c1182-1151 BCE

Defeated the Libyans twice

Defeated the Sea Peoples preparing to invade Egypt

Won against the Sea Peoples the first recorded naval battle

Built a huge mortuary temple at Medinet Habu

First recorded union strike during his reign

Involved in a harem conspiracy

Rekhmire (Vizier) – c1460 BCE

Served during the rules of Thutmose III and Amenhotep

Was in charge of collecting tributes, gifts, and taxes

Built a tomb at Sheikh Abd el Qurna

Left on his tomb a list of the duties of a vizier

Senenmut (Adviser to Hatshepsut, chief steward, architect, tutor) – c1495 BCE

Responsible for the design and the construction of the temple at Deir el Bahri

Oversaw the obelisk erection at Karnak

Oversaw the distribution of items imported from Punt

Senwosret I (King) – c1971-1928 BCE

Established forts in Nubia to protect Egyptian interests there

Secured access to the copper and turquoise mines in Sinai

Extended control over the five oases in the western desert

Stopped Libyan incursions into Egypt

Promoted trade with Syria and Palestine

Oversaw a huge building programme

Senwosret III (King) – c1878-1841 BCE

Sent several military expeditions into Nubia

Ordered fortresses built south of the Second Cataract

Had a canal rebuilt around the First Cataract

Revamped the central government

Divided Egypt into three districts, each under a vizier

Decreased the power of nomarchs

Seti I (Vizier, Military commander, King) – c1291-1278 BCE

Vizier and military commander-in-chief under Ramesses I

Defeated Shasu opposition in the Sinai Peninsula

Led successful military compaigns in Palestine and Syria

Led a battle with the Hittites, settling the northern boundary

Ended Libyan raids into Egypt

Led a successful expedition against the Kushites

Inaugurated a massive building programme

Built a mortuary temple at Qurna

Built a temple to himself and six deities at and another to his father Abydos

Rebuilt the Osireion

Built the grandest tomb thus far discovered in the Valley of the Kings

Snefru (King) – c2613-2589 BCE

Led campaigns into Nubia and Libya

Subdued tribes in the Sinai Peninsula

Supported trade with Byblos, Phoenicia

Responsible for finishing Huni’s pyramid at Meidum

Built the Bent and Red Pyramids at Dahshur

Thutmose III (King) – c1504-1450 BCE

Brought the Syria-Palestine area under Egyptian control

Extended the Egyptian boundary to the Euphrates

Defeated the Mitannians

Established the Egyptian Empire

Extended the southern boundary to the Fourth Cataract

Rebuilt many temples and other buildings

Brought peace to Egypt and lands under its control

Encouraged trade expeditions

Obtained wealth from tributes and gifts from conquered lands and allies

Tiye (Queen) – c1370 BCE

Mother of six children, including Amenhotep IV

Won the respect of Egyptians and foreign rulers of allied nations and areas under Egyptian rule

Tutankhamen (King) – c1334-1325 BCE

Left Akhetaten and had Memphis the capital for political matters and Thebes for religious matters

Reinstated the worship of Amun-Re and traditional Egyptian gods

Rebuilt many religious structures

Promoted international trade

Weni (Uni) (Judge, general, governor, expedition leade) – c2300 BCE

Served three kings in administrative positions

Investigated a plot involving a royal wife

Led successful military expeditions into the Sinai Peninsula and southern Palestine

Led trading expeditions into Nubia

Organized the digging of five canals alongside the First Cataract to transport stone for the building of the pyramids

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