Effects on various systems and organs:
- Eye:
- dilation of pupil; focusing for distance vision
- constriction of pupil; focusing for near vision
- Skin:
- Sweat glands:
- (S) – increases secretion
- (P) – none (not innervated)
- Arrector pili muscles:
- (S) – contraction and erection of hairs
- (P) – none (not innervated)
- Sweat glands:
- Tear Glands:
- (S) – none (not innervated)
- (P) – secretion
- Cardiovascular System:
- Blood Vessels:
- (S) – vasoconstriction and vasodilation
- (P) – none (not innervated)
- Heart:
- (S) – increases heart rate, force of contraction, and blood pressure
- (P) – decreases heart rate, force of contraction, and blood pressure
- Blood Vessels:
- Adrenal Glands:
- (S) – secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine by adrenal medullae
- (P) – none (not innervated)
- Respiratory System:
- Airways:
- (S) – increases diameter
- (P) – decreases diameter
- Respiratory rate:
- (S) – increases rate
- (P) – decreases rate
- Airways:
- Digestive System:
- General level of activity:
- (S) – decreases activity
- (P) – increases activity
- Liver:
- (S) – glycogen breakdown and glucose synthesis and release
- (P) – glycogen synthesis
- General level of activity:
- Skeletal Muscles:
- (S) – increases force of contraction and glycogen breakdown
- (P) – none (not innervated)
- Urinary System:
- Kidneys:
- (S) – decreases urine production
- (P) – increases urine production
- Urinary bladder:
- (S) – constricts sphincter and relaxes urinary bladder
- (P) – tenses urinary bladder and relaxes sphincter to eliminate urine
- Kidneys:
- Reproductive System:
- (S) – increases glandular secretions and ejaculation in males
- (P) – erection of penis in males and clitoris in females