Muscles of the shoulder and arm: (Name, Origin, Insertion, Action)
- Biceps brachii: scapula – radius – flexes the forearm
- Brachioradialis: humerus – radius – flexes the forearm
- Coracobrachialis: coracoid process – medial margin of shaft of humerus – adduction and flexion at shoulder joint
- Deltoid: scapula and clavicle (acromion and adjacent scapular spine) – deltoid tuberosity of humerus – abducts the humerus at shoulder joint
- Latissimus dorsi: last six thoracic vertebrae, all lumbar vertebrae, sacrum and iliac crest – humerus – extends and adducts the humerus – (another version – spinous processes of lower thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and lumbar vertebrae – lesser tubercle, intertubercular groove of humerus – extension, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder joint)
- Levator scapulae: posterior surface of first four cervical vertebrae – vertebral border of scapula – elevates scapula
- Pectoralis major: clavicle, body of sternum – 2nd-6th costal cartilages – greater tubercle of humerus – extension, medial rotation, and adduction of the humerus at the shoulder joint
- Pectoralis minor: anterior surfaces of ribs 3-5 – coracoid process of scapula – depresses and protracts shoulder, rotates scapula laterally, and elevates ribs if scapula is stationary
- Rhomboideus muscles: spinous processes of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae – vertebral border of scapula – adducts and rotates scapula laterally
- Serratus anterior: anterior and superior margins of ribs 1-9 – anterior surface of vertebral border of scapula – protracts shoulder, abducts and medially rotates scapula
- Subclavius: first rib – clavicle – depresses and protracts shoulder
- Teres major: scapula – humerus – extends and adducts the humerus
- Triceps brachii: humerus and scapula – ulna – extends the forearm
Rotator cuff muscles:
- Infraspinatus: infraspinous fossa of scapula – greater tubercle of humerus – abduction at shoulder joint
- Intercostales interni (Internal intercostals): inferior border or rib and costal cartilage – superior border of rib and costal cartilage below – acts on ribs in expiration
- Intercostales externi (External intercostals): inferior border of rib – superior border of rib below – elevates ribs during inspiration
- Supraspinatus: supraspinous fossa of scapula – greater tubercle of humerus – abduction at shoulder joint
- Subscapularis: subscapular fossa of scapula – lesser tubercle of humerus – medial rotation at shoulder joint
- Teres minor: axillary border of scapula – greater tubercle of humerus – lateral rotation at shoulder joint
- Teres major: inferior angle of scapula – intertubercular groove of humerus – adduction and medial rotation at shoulder joint
- Trapezius: Occipital bone and spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae – Acromion and spine of scapula and clavicle – Depends on active region and state of other muscles, may elevate, adduct, depress, or rotate scapula and / or elevate clavicle and can also hyperextend neck so as to look at the sky, elevates shoulder and pulls it back (shrugging)
